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Transgender individuals face unique challenges in vascular health due to the complex interactions between gender identity, psychosocial determinants of health, and medical interventions such as gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). Growing evidence indicates that transgender populations may...

Background Gender-affirming hormone therapy has shown benefits in alleviating gender-related distress and enhancing overall well-being. However, its effects on cardiovascular health are not yet fully understood. Purpose To evaluate heart rate variability, a preclinical marker of cardiovascular...

The decision to pursue one's desire for children is a basic human right. For transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people, gender-affirming care may alter the possibilities to fulfill one's desire for children due to the impact of this treatment on their reproductive organs. We systematically...

Background Limited prospective outcome data exist regarding transgender and nonbinary youth receiving gender-affirming hormones (GAH; testosterone or estradiol). Methods We characterized the longitudinal course of psychosocial functioning during the 2 years after GAH initiation in a prospective...

Both in the United States and Europe, the number of minors who present at transgender healthcare services before the onset of puberty is rapidly expanding. Many of those who will have persistent gender dysphoria at the onset of puberty will pursue long-term puberty suppression before reaching the...

Context Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals often seek gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). While receipt of GAHT has been associated with improved well-being, the risk of GAHT discontinuation and its reasons are not well known. Objectives 1) To investigate proportion...

Last October the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) gathered inside the Anaheim Convention Center in California for its annual conference. Outside, several dozen people rallied to hear speakers including Abigail Martinez, a mother whose child began hormone treatment at age 16 and died by suicide...

Biological sex is closely associated with the properties and extent of the immune response, with males and females showing different susceptibilities to diseases and variations in immunity. Androgens, predominantly in males, generally suppress immune responses, while estrogens, more abundant in...

It is well known that sex steroids, particularly estrogen, play a crucial role in the attainment and maintenance of peak bone density in all people. Transgender (trans) have been frequently observed to have low bone density prior to initiation of gender-affirming hormone therapy, while trans men...