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Impact of testosterone-based gender-affirming hormone therapy on toll-like receptor transcript levels and peripheral blood leukocyte counts in transmasculine individuals
March 18, 2026
Studies
BackgroundSex differences in immune responses are partly attributed to sex hormones, with testosterone generally associated with dampened immune responses. However, the specific impact of testosterone on the innate immune system in humans remains unclear. We examined changes in toll-like receptor (...
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… attributed to sex hormones, with testosterone generally associated … However, the specific impact of testosterone on the innate immune … individuals initiating testosterone-based gender-affirming …
Exclusive: Why Wes Streeting changed his mind on cross-sex hormones
June 10, 2025
Spotlight
The following publication by Hannah Barnes appeared in the New Statesman online on 27 May 2025. The article has been reproduced below fully, with permission.
Matched fragments:
… blockers and cross-sex hormones (testosterone) after being assessed … gender. For example, the use of testosterone in females lowers the … suggested that females who take testosterone, have an increased risk …
Editorial: Gender affirming hormone therapy and its immunological implications
April 21, 2026
Studies
Transgender (trans) individuals identify with a gender that does not align with their biological sex. 13 For some, this leads to experiences of gender dysphoria and poor mental health. To address this, 14 some trans individuals, in consultation with health care providers, initiate gender affirming...
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… trans males) are treated with testosterone as monotherapy and 17 … with a combination of anti-testosterone and 18 estradiol. GAHT … of immune with the level of testosterone. In contrast, the …
An English Ruling on Transgender Teens Could Have Global Repercussions
December 12, 2020
Spotlight
In 2018 Andrea Davidson’s 12-year-old daughter, Meghan, announced she was “definitely a boy”. Ms Davidson says her child was never a tomboy but the family doctor congratulated her and asked what pronouns she had chosen, before writing a referral to the British Columbia Children’s Hospital (BCCH). “...
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… blockers and later undergo testosterone treatment and a double … student in Florida, started on testosterone aged 14 because of a … of this happening.” She came off testosterone, embraced her identity …
Strength, power and aerobic capacity of transgender athletes: a cross-sectional study
April 10, 2024
Studies
Objective. The primary objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare standard laboratory performance metrics of transgender athletes to cisgender athletes.
Methods. 19 cisgender men (CM) (mean±SD, age: 37±9 years), 12 transgender men (TM) (age: 34±7 years), 23 transgender women (TW) (age...
Matched fragments:
… in capillary blood and testosterone and oestradiol in serum … of athletes, TW had similar testosterone concentration (TW …
WPATH Influence Undermines WHO’s Transgender Guidelines
July 11, 2024
Spotlight
The World Health Organization's guideline development group leans heavily on prominent members of WPATH, including WPATH leadership involved in the suppression of unfavorable evidence related to cross-sex hormones.
Matched fragments:
… (KQ5 below), and the effects of testosterone on on uterine, ovarian, … on gender-affirming therapy with testosterone, as measured by … men, what is the effect of testosterone therapy on uterine, …
Transmasculine pregnancy-Occurrence, associations, and outcomes: A quantitative systematic review
September 1, 2026
Studies
INTRODUCTION: Transmasculine people experience incongruence between their gender identity and sex (registered female at birth, AFAB). Little is known about transmasculine pregnancy. This project systematically reviews all published quantitative evidence on transmasculine pregnancy occurrence,...
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… The conception rates during testosterone use were low, but … data available suggested that testosterone use before pregnancy … to be higher in those exposed to testosterone antenatally. There was …
Bone Development in Transgender Adolescents Treated With GnRH Analogues and Subsequent Gender-Affirming Hormones
December 1, 2020
Studies
This prospective but uncontrolled observational study investigated the effect of GnRH agonist therapy alone or with subsequent cross-sex hormone administration on markers of bone turnover, apparent bone density (BMAD) and bone density z-scores, with analysis of subjects started early (Tanner...
Matched fragments:
… Biological females receiving testosterone showed improvement in … with estrogen. Females receiving testosterone showed near …
Gender detransition: a case study
September 1, 2021
Studies
What happens when a young person's intensely experienced desire to undergo medical transition is granted, with minimal attention paid to the factors contributing to the development of gender dysphoria, and with no attempts to ameliorate the distress non-invasively first? This case study is an...
Matched fragments:
… female after almost two years on testosterone. The author considers … The patient suspected that testosterone contributed to her …
The effect of gender-affirming hormone treatment on serum creatinine in transgender and gender-diverse youth: implications for estimating GFR
September 1, 2022
Studies
BACKGROUND: Equations for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on serum creatinine include terms for sex/gender. For transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth, gender-affirming hormone (GAH) treatment may affect serum creatinine and in turn eGFR.
METHODS: TGD youth were recruited for...
Matched fragments:
… increased within 6 months of testosterone treatment (0.68 ± 0.10 … Participants DFAB treated with testosterone had serum creatinine …